There are several types of neglect, including emotional neglect, which often overlap with each other and/or other forms of child abuse.
Neglect is the most frequent form of child maltreatment noted by child protection agencies. About 18% of the adult population report experiencing emotional neglect as children. This number is likely an underrepresentation because emotional neglect is understudied in scientific research.
Read on to learn how to identify emotional neglect in childhood and how its effects can be managed in adulthood.
What Qualifies as Childhood Emotional Neglect?
Emotional abuse and emotional neglect both fall under the umbrella of childhood maltreatment and early life stress (ELS). They can occur together and are often grouped together, but they aren’t the same thing.
Emotional abuse refers to actions that involve a child’s continual emotional mistreatment, such as when a parent humiliates, demeans, or threatens them.
Emotional neglect is not taking the necessary actions or providing the environment necessary to meet a child’s emotional needs. Emotional neglect may not involve humiliation or other direct acts against the child so much as a failure to provide affection, structure, comfort, encouragement, and other support necessary for a child to feel secure, loved, and valued.
Some parents or guardians do not respond to the emotional needs, cues, and expressions of their children, such as providing comfort when they are sad or scared. This can lead to the child shutting down their feelings and stopping reaching out. This is most impactful when it occurs during infancy.
Parents and guardians don’t necessarily do this intentionally, and may not be aware they are doing it. The lack of emotional response to their children can stem from factors such as mental health problems like depression, substance use issues, or relationship difficulties.
Ongoing childhood emotional neglect can result in complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD).
Examples
There are two ways emotional neglect can happen via emotional invalidation:
Emotional needs are not adequately met: The child does not receive enough emotional validation to meet their threshold of emotional needs. This leads to the child not feeling seen, heard, or understood.
Emotional needs are actively invalidated: The parent or guardian lacks awareness of how emotions work. They may see emotions as a choice and judge them negatively, seeing them as “bad behavior.” Emotions aren’t just ignored or failed to be validated, they are actively invalidated.
Emotional invalidation may look like:
Not recognizing a child’s individuality, strengths, limits/limitations Regularly ignoring the child Not expressing positive feelings, offering kind words, encouraging, or congratulating a child on their successes Not showing emotions when interacting with the child Not being attentive to or responding to the child’s feelings or needs Conversations that are mostly impersonal Not attentively listening to the child Not providing appropriate limits, consequences, and structure Not discussing significant events such as a death in the family, divorce, illness, etc. Using the child’s emotions against them, particularly if misconstrued or twisted, or telling them they don’t/shouldn’t feel the way they do (this can be a form of gaslighting) Placing the child in a caretaking role in which they “parent” their parent or guardian instead of vice versa
Generational Patterns in Emotionally Unavailable Parents
Parents and guardians tend to do what they know, often parenting their children the way they were parented.
If a parent or guardian doesn’t have their own needs met in childhood, it can be difficult for them to meet the needs of their children. A history of trauma, domestic violence, child abuse or neglect, mental illness, substance use, and other factors can also contribute to a parent or guardian’s emotional neglect of their children.
Generational patterns of emotional neglect can be broken. Resources, such as counseling and parenting classes, can help parents and guardians learn how to meet their children’s needs in ways their own needs were not met.
Other Types of Neglect
In addition to emotional neglect, neglect can be:
Physical: not adequately meeting a child’s basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, or safety Supervisory: not providing adequate supervision Educational: not ensuring a child is given an education and the tools they need to take advantage of it Medical: not ensuring a child is given proper health and medical care, failing to acknowledge the seriousness of a condition, or deliberately withholding care Abandonment: leaving a child alone for an unreasonable amount of time or leaving them with an unsuitable caregiver
Emotional maltreatment can happen on its own, but it’s less common for other forms of maltreatment to occur without emotional maltreatment present as well.
Signs in Children
Signs of emotional neglect in children can be less obvious than other forms of abuse or neglect.
Children who have experienced neglect, such as emotional neglect, may show delays in expressive, receptive, and overall language development. Delays in language development can lead to behavioral difficulties.
People who experience/experienced emotional neglect in childhood may:
Have difficulty knowing how they feelFeel empty or hollowThink something is wrong with themFeel disconnected from people to whom they should feel closeThink feelings or emotions are “bad"Feel unsure if their feelings are validFeel shameAct self-criticalFind it difficult to rely on other people
Harm From Neglect Into Adulthood
Neglect in childhood can have long-term effects, including an association with:
Financial and economic difficulties Risky sexual behavior Attachment style issues Increased likelihood of needing social services Increased likelihood of engaging in violent behavior Social withdrawal Lower self-esteem Difficulties with interpersonal relationships
Increased Risk of Mental Health Disorders
Early life stress and emotional maltreatment in childhood are associated with an increased risk of some mental health conditions, including:
Substance use disorders Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)/complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) Mood disorders, such as depression Anxiety disorders Personality disorders Eating disorders Suicidal thoughts Self-harm Bipolar disorder
Healing After Emotional Neglect
Psychological interventions, such as therapy, are the preferred treatment for the effects of childhood neglect. Starting these treatments as early as possible can help minimize short- and long-term effects.
Social support and strong relationships with others can help offset some of the effects of child adversities, including emotional neglect at home.
A 2021 study found that strong peer support at age 15 may reduce the risk of depressive symptoms by late adolescence. This was true of both children who had and had not experienced emotional neglect.
Therapy Options
Therapy for people with C-PTSD from childhood trauma often focuses on building capacities for:
Trust Attachment and relationships Sense of self Tolerance of intense emotions
Component-based psychotherapy (CBP) is one type of therapy. CBP integrates key concepts of several evidence-based treatment models into an approach tailored to treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect.
In addition to working with a professional, some ways to cope with emotional neglect from your childhood include:
Reflect on and acknowledge the way emotional neglect manifested in your childhood, how you were affected by it, and how it affects your current relationships (including with your children)Pay attention to and acknowledge your feelingsWork on increasing your tolerance for negative emotions by practicing allowing yourself to sit with them
How to Support Someone Else
Raising public awareness about the signs and effects of emotional abuse and neglect, and encouraging community engagement, could improve the overall well-being of children in the community and reduce child maltreatment.
Resources that may be useful for people who experienced childhood emotional neglect and/or families who need help dealing with or preventing emotional neglect include:
Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline: call or text 1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453) Prevent Child Abuse America Child Mind Institute National Child Traumatic Stress Network Complex Trauma National Children’s Advocacy Center Mental Health America National Alliance on Mental Illness MentalHealth. gov American Academy of Pediatrics
Summary
Childhood emotional neglect involves not responding to a child’s emotional needs and not providing an environment that fosters their emotional health. Emotional neglect can involve actively invalidating a child’s emotions/emotional needs or ignoring/not acknowledging them.
The signs of emotional neglect can be hard to see from the outside, but the effects can linger into adulthood. With help, people who experienced childhood emotional neglect can heal and thrive.
A Word From Verywell
If you experienced childhood neglect and are having a hard time coping with the effects, talk to your healthcare provider or mental health professional. There are also resources available if a loved one is experiencing childhood neglect or dealing with its effects. Help is available, and healing is possible.
These and other important parenting skills can be learned through programs such as:
Parent-led self-help groups, such as Circle of ParentsParent education and training programsTherapy and help from professionals such as counselors
